Fractal Image Encoding

This site is updated often, so check out what's new or come again...

Table of Contents

Bibliographies and Other References
Books (help make my mommy proud; buy my fractal image compression book or the www one)
Conferences and Announcements
Internet Resources
Papers
Software
About Students, Reprints, INLS, and Yuval Fisher.

Bibliographies and Other References

• biblio.ps.gz is a bibliography focused on fractal image compression particularly. There is also a guide with a brief description of each paper.
• A BibTeX bibliography is available from Brendt Wohlberg, University of Cape Town.
• A nice bibliography (postscript) compiled by John Kominek, from the Department of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, is available by ftp. It contains many papers, focused around fractals in imaging.
• The bibliography from "Fractal Image Compression: Theory and Application to Digital Images" is available in TeX (good), not BiBTeX (bad); it contains more references than the book's real bibliography (good), but there are also non-fractal-image-compression references (bad).
• Here are several patents: these links are not too stable, unfortunately. More patent information can be found at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
  • (4,941,193) Methods and apparatus for image compression by iterated function system (Barnsley; Michael F. (Atlanta, GA); Sloan; Alan D. (Atlanta, GA)), Jul. 10, 1990.
  • (5,065,447) Method and apparatus for processing digital data. (Barnsley; Michael F. (Atlanta, GA); Sloan; Alan D. (Atlanta, GA)), Nov. 12, 1991.
  • (5,384,867) Fractal transform compression board (Barnsley; Michael F. (Atlanta, GA); Sloan; Alan D. (Atlanta, GA); Elton; John H. (Atlanta, GA); Moreman; Charles S. (Lawrenceville, GA); Primiano; Guy A. (Cumming, GA)), Jan. 24, 1995.
  • (5,416,856)Method of encoding a digital image using iterated image transformations to form an eventually contractive map (Jacobs; Everett W. (San Diego, CA); Boss; Roger D. (San Diego, CA); Fisher; Yuval (La Jolla, CA), May 16, 1995.
  • (5,430,812) Fractal transform compression board (Barnsley; Michael F. (Atlanta, GA); Sloan; Alan D. (Atlanta, GA); Elton; John H. (Atlanta, GA); Moreman; Charles S. (Lawrenceville, GA); Primiano; Guy A. (Cumming, GA)), Jul. 4, 1995.

Books

• Fractal Image Compression: Theory and Application to Digital Images, Yuval Fisher (Ed.), Springer Verlag, New York, 1995 is a collection of articles on Fractal Image Encoding. About this book:
  • An elementary introduction containing almost no mathematics.
  • Rigorous description of all the relevant mathematics of the subject.
  • Recent theoretical results on fast encoding and decoding methods, various schemes for encoding images using fractal concepts, and theoretical models for the encoding/decoding process.
  • C Code:
    • The code includes an optimized encoding program (enc.c). This program can encode a 256x256 image in a few seconds.
    • A non-optimized decoding program (dec.c). The decoding, while slow, is resolution independent.
    • A list of possible compilation/runtime problems on various platforms or whatever.
    • A manual for the code.
    • Some usage notes.
    • Please read the copy notice .
    • Some raw byte image files are also available.
    • Or just download the whole code package.
  Ordering information.

• Fractal Image Encoding and Analysis: A NATO ASI Series Book, Yuval Fisher (Ed.), Springer Verlag, New York, 1996 contains the proceedings of the Fractal Image Encoding and Analysis Advanced Study Institute held in Trondheim, Norway July 8-17, 1995. This book contains articles by leading researchers in the fields of fractal image encoding and analysis. The book is currently being procuced.

Conferences and Announcements

• Fractals in Engineering will be held in Arcachon, FRANCE, June 25-27, 1997. The goal of the conference is to bring together researchers working in all area of fractal analysis. The scope encompasses recent theoretical advances as well as industrial applications.
• Fractals in the Natural and Applied Sciences will be held in Denver, Colorado, USA, 8-11 April 1997. The conference is intended to provide a forum for the dissemination of the latest research findings in the broad field of fractals. Interdisciplinary submissions are strongly encouraged.
• International Conference on "Future of Fractals" 25th-27th July 1995, Aichi Prefecture Laborer Center, Seto, Aichi, Japan.
• Fractal Image Encoding and Analysis, an NATO Advanced Study Institute, was held in Trondheim, Norway July 8-17, 1995. It was a lot of fun, some of which you can see that the conference's. web site.

Internet Resources

• A dynamic fractal image encoding announcement and question page Leave your questions and announcements there or answer other peoples' questions.
• The Waterloo Fractal Compression Project is part of a general research programme dedicated to the study of fractal analysis and Iterated Function Systems/Fractal Transforms from both theoretical as well as practical perspectives.
• The CWI Fractal Image Compression Page from the Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica in Amsterdam, Holland.
• The Groupe Fractales Database, maintained by Paulo Goncalves at INRIA, has links to publications, software, conferences, etc. mostly related to fractal analysis, but with plans to discuss compression also.
• A Fractal Image Compression page is maintained by Brendt Wohlberg.
• Usenet Newsgroups (These are read from your local server, so these links may fail if you have no local news server or are not set up properly):
  • sci.fractals
  • comp.compression
  • bit.listserv.frac-l
  • sci.math
• Iterated Systems, Inc. has a nice WWW site.
• See a A fractal-based photoshop plugin based on Iterated Systems' FIF format.
• There is a nice site related to fractals (not particulary fractal image encoding) at spanky.triumf.ca.
• The Bath group has fractal site related to the Bath Fractal Transform.
• A site containing nice quantree results and a modified enc/dec.c with more explanations about Fradtals and Fractal Image Compression can be found at Rice.

Papers

• For a good introduction to fractal image compression, view the SIGGRAPH '92 Course notes on fractal image compression (977K). The SIGGRAPH '92 Course notes without the figures are also available (80K). This paper is also available in French, translated by M. Latapy.
• A postscript version of a paper on A comparison of Fractals with JPEG and Wavelets . This paper (or a version of it) appeared in the 94 San Diego SPIE conference proceedings. This paper is a subset of the data contained in the "comparison of results" section in Fractal Image Compression, discussed above.
• Fractal Video Compression material, including a paper, encoded sequences and a decoder.
• View a postscript preprint by F. Dudbridge describing a new technique for fast fractal image coding. If you have any questions please send email to frankd@inls1.ucsd.edu.
• Here is an important paper about the relationship between fractal image encoding, wavelet encoding, mixing the two, and related stuff. It is available from Geoff Davis' home page.
• Get a paper about fractal Image compression, it's connection to the Haar Discrete Wavelet Transform and a fractal coder in the wavelet domain:

  H. Krupnik, D. Malah and E. Karnin, "Fractal Representation of Images via the Discrete Wavelet Transform" IEEE 18th Conv. of EE in Israel, Tel-Aviv, March 1995. There are several other papers at that site also.

• Papers describing parallel implementation of quadtree code are available from Dr. Jeff Jackson's (the author) home page.
• The Bath group has a list of on-line papers on the Bath Fractal Transform.
• Combining Tree and Feature Classification in Fractal Encoding of Images by Behnam Bani-Eqbal, discusses a tree structured classification that speeds encoding times by up to 75%. Code is available at the cite as well.
• The following papers are available from this site also:
  
  Zhao94.ps.gz: Y. Zhao and B. Yuan, Image compression using fractals and discrete cosine transform, Electronics Letters, 30(6): 474-475, March 1994
  
  Zhao96.ps.gz: Y. Zhao and B. Yuan, A hybrid image compression scheme combining block-based fractal coding and DCT, Signal Processing: Image Communication, 8(2): 73-78, March 1996
  
  Zhao98.ps.gz: Y. Zhao and B. Yuan, A new affine transformation: its theory and application to image coding, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 8, No. 3, June 1998

  ---

  An ftp site at ftp.informatik.uni-freiburg.de is maintained by Dietmar Saupe and Raouf Hamzaoui. Here is what is there: (last updated Jan 26, 1999)
  

  Guide.ps.gz

  A guided tour of the fractal image compression literature, D. Saupe, R. Hamzaoui, Technical Report 58, Institut f"ur Informatik, July 94. The figures for this paper are in separate files: Saup94a.fig1.ps.gz Saup94a.fig2.ps.gz A first version is contained in the SIGGRAPH'94 course notes.
  

  AlCl91.ps.gz

  Fractal image compression, M. Ali, T. G. Clarkson, Proc. 1st Seminar on Information Technology and its Applications (ITA'91), Markfield Conf. Centre, Leicester, U.K., 29 Sept., 1991.
  

  AlCl92.ps.gz

  Survey of Block Based Fractal Image Compression and Its Applications, M. Ali, T. G. Clarkson, Proc. 2nd Seminar on Information Technology and its Applications (ITA'91), Markfield Conf. Centre, Leicester, U.K., Dec. 1993.
  

  AlCl94.ps.gz

  Using linear fractal interpolation functions to compress video images, M. Ali, T. G. Clarkson, Fractals 2,3 (1994) 417-421.
  

  AlGeCl93.ps.gz

  Analysis, generation and compression of pavement distress images using fractals, M. Ali, M. A. Gennert, T. G. Clarkson, in The Applications of Fractals and Chaos, eds. A.J. Crilly, R.A. Earnshaw and H. Jones, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993, p.147-169. Figures are in AlGeCl93.fig2.ps.gz and AlGeCl93.fig12.ps.gz.
  

  AlPaCl92.ps.gz

  The use of fractal theory in a video compression system, M. Ali, C. Papadopoulos, T. G. Clarkson, in Proc. IEEE Data Compression Conference (DCC'92), 24-27 March, 1992.
  

  BSVN94.ps.gz

  A new image coding technique unifying fractal and transform coding K. U. Barthel, J. Sch{\"u}ttemeyer, Th. Voy{\'e}, P. Noll, IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing (ICIP'94), Austin, Texas.
  

  BaDu96.ps.gz

  Image sequence coding using 3-D I.F.S., Barakat, M., Dugelay, J.-L., Proc. ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  BaMaKa93.ps.gz

  Hierarchical interpretation of fractal image coding and its applications to fast decoding, Z. Baharav, D. Malah, E. Karnin, Intl. Conf. on Digital Signal Processing, Cyprus, 1993.
  

  BaRuVo96.ps.gz

  Combining wavelet and fractal coding for 3-D video coding, Barthel, K. U., Ruhl, G., Voy\'{e}, T., Proc. ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  Bani94.ps.gz

  Speeding up fractal image compression, B. Bani-Eqbal, Proceedings from IS\&T/SPIE 1995 Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science \& Technology Vol.\ 2418: Still-Image Compression, 1995.
  

  Bart95.ps.gz

  Entropy constrained fractal image coding, K. U. Barthel, NATO ASI on Fractal Image Coding, Trondheim, Norway, July 1995
  

  BaVo94.ps.gz

  Adaptive fractal image coding in the frequency domain, K. U. Barthel, T. Voye, Proceedings of International Workshop on Image Processing, Budapest, June 1994.
  

  BaVo95.ps.gz

  Three-Dimensional fractal video coding, K. U. Barthel, T. Voye, IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing (ICIP'95), Washington, D.C., USA
  

  BaVoNo93.ps.gz

  Improved fractal image coding, K. U. Barthel, T. Voye, P. Noll, Proceedings from Picture Coding Symposium, March 1993.
  

  BoMe92.ps.gz

  Kohonen neural network for image coding based on iteration transformation theory, A. Bogdan, H. E., Meadows, Proceedings from SPIE Neural and Stochastic Methods in Image and Signal Processing, Vol.\ 1766, pp.\ 425--436, 1992.
  

  Bogd94a.ps.gz

  Multiscale (inter/intra-frame) fractal video coding, A. Bogdan, Proc. ICIP-94 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Austin, Texas, Nov.\ 1994.
  

  CaMo94.ps.gz

  Generalized self-similarity, wavelets and image analysis C. Cabrelli, U. Molter, Preprint #78, Dept. of Math., University of Buenos Aires, 1994.
  

  ChDaBe93.ps.gz

  Compression fractale par partitionnement de Delaunay, J.-M. Chassery, F. Davoine, E. Bertin, 14th Conference GRETSI, Juan-les-Pins, Sept. 1993.
  

  ChKu96.ps.gz

  Finite-state fractal block coding of images, Chang, H. T., Kuo, C. J., Proc. ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  ChZh95.ps.gz

  Multiresolution approximation of fractal transform B. Cheng, X. Zhu, to appear in Signal Processing.
  

  Cisc96.ps.gz

  On entropy coding Fisher's fractal quadtree code, G. Ciscar, June 1996.
  

  Cohe96.ps.gz

  Thumbnail-based image coding utilizing the fractal transform, Cohen, H. A., Proc. ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  DaBeCh93.ps.gz

  From rigidity to adaptive tessellation for fractal image compression: Comparative studies, F. Davoine, E. Bertin, J.-M. Chassery, IEEE 8th Workshop on Image and Multidimensional Signal Processing, Cannes, Sept. 1993.
  

  DaCh94.ps.gz

  Adaptive Delaunay triangulation for attractor image coding, F. Davoine, J.-M. Chassery, 12th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Jerusalem, Oct. 1994.
  

  DaSvCh95.ps.gz

  A mixed triangular and quadrilateral partition for fractal image coding, F. Davoine, J. Svensson, J.-M Chassery, IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing (ICIP'95).
  

  DoKuVa96.ps.gz

  Fractal coding versus classified transform coding, Domaszewicz, J., Kuklinski, S., Vaishampayan, V. A., Proc. ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  DuPoRo96.ps.gz

  Iterated Function Systems for still image processing, J.-L Dugelay, E. Polidori, S. Roche, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Image and Signal Processing, Manchester, Nov. 1996.
  

  FGHS94.ps.gz

  Image compression based on fractal theory, C. Frigaard, J. Gade, T. Hemmingsen, T. Sand, Institute for Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark, 1994.
  

  FoVr94a.ps.gz

  Solving the inverse problem for function/image approximations using iterated function systems, I. Theoretical basis, B. Forte, E. R. Vrscay, Fractals 2,3 (1994) 325--334.
  

  FoVr94b.ps.gz

  Solving the inverse problem for function/image approximations using iterated function systems, II. Algorithm and computations, B. Forte, E. R. Vrscay, Fractals 2,3 (1994) 335--346.
  

  FoVr95a.ps.gz

  Solving the inverse problem for function and image approximation using iterated function systems, B. Forte, E. R. Vrscay, to appear in Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete and Impulsive Systems 1,2 (1995). Figures are in FoVr95a.figs.ps.gz.
  

  FoVr95b.ps.gz

  Theory of generalized fractal transforms, B. Forte, E. R. Vrscay, to appear in the Proceedings of the NATO ASI on Fractal Image Encoding and Analysis, July 1995, Trondheim.
  

  GhHu93.ps.gz

  A fractal-based image block-coding algorithm, Gharavi-Alkhansari, M., Huang, T., ICASSP'93.
  

  GhHu94a.ps.gz

  Generalized image coding using fractal-based methods, Gharavi-Alkhansari, M., Huang, T., PCS'94, Sacramento, Sept. 94.
  

  GhHu96a.ps.gz

  Fractal video coding by matching pursuit, Gharavi-Alkhansari, M., Huang, T., Proc. ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  GhHu96c.ps.gz

  Fractal image coding using rate-distortion optimized matching pursuit, Gharavi-Alkhansari, M., Huang, T., VCIP'96, 1996.
  

  LiVe96.ps.gz

  Fast pyramid search for perceptually lossless fractal image compression, Lin, H., Venetsanopoulos, A. N., Proc. ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  GoIbGr95.ps.gz

  Fractal image coding and magnification using invariant features, D, G\"{o}tting, A., Ibenthal, R.-R., Grigat, NATO ASI Conf. Fractal Image Encoding and Analysis, Trondheim, July 1995, to appear in a special issue of Fractals.
  

  Hamz95.ps.gz

  Codebook clustering by self-organizing maps for fractal image compression, R. Hamzaoui, NATO ASI Conf. Fractal Image Encoding and Analysis, Trondheim, July 1995, to appear in a special issue of Fractals.
  

  Hamz96a.ps.gz

  A new decoding algorithm for fractal image compression, R. Hamzaoui, Electronics Letters, 32,14 (1996) 1273--1274.
  

  HaMuSa96a.ps.gz

  VQ-enhanced fractal image compression, R. Hamzaoui, M. M\"uller, D. Saupe, ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  HaMuSa96b.ps.gz

  Enhancing fractal image compression with vector quantization, R. Hamzaoui, M. M\"uller, D. Saupe, 1996 IEEE Digital Signal Processing Workshop, Loen, Sept. 1996.
  

  Huer93.ps.gz

  Contractivity of fractal transforms for image coding, B. Huertgen, Electronics Letters, 29 (1993) 1749-1750.
  

  Huer95a.ps.gz

  Performance bounds for fractal coding, B. Huertgen, Proceedings of ICASSP-1995 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol.\ 4, Detroit, 1995.
  

  Huer95b.ps.gz

  Statistical evaluation of fractal coding schemes, B. Huertgen, ICIP'95, Vol. 3 pp. 280-283, Washington, DC, USA, 1995.
  

  HuBu93.ps.gz

  Fractal approach to low-rate video coding, B. Huertgen, P. Buettgen, Proceedings from SPIE Visual Communications and Image Processing, Vol.\ 2094, pp.\ 120--131, 1993.
  

  HuHa94.ps.gz

  On the convergence of fractal transforms, B. Huertgen, T. Hain, Proceedings of ICASSP-1994 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. 5, pp. 561--564, Adelaide, 1994.
  

  HuMu94.ps.gz

  Modelling of fractal coding schemes, B. Huertgen, F. Mueller, Proceedings of the VIIth European Signal Processing Conference EUSIPCO'94 Vol. 1 Edinburgh, Scotland pp. 600-603, 1994.
  

  HM94.ps.gz

  Selbstahnlichkeit als neuartiges Prinzip zur Quellencodierung, B. Huertgen, F. Mueller, Proceedings ITG-Fachtagung 130, Codierung fur Quelle, Kanal und Ubertragung, pp. 277-284, Muenchen, 1994.
  

  HuMuSt93.ps.gz

  Adaptive fractal coding of still pictures, B. Huertgen, F. Mueller, C. Stiller, Proceedings of the International Picture Coding Symposium PCS'93 Lausanne, Switzerland, 1993.
  

  HuMoSi94.ps.gz

  Fractal transform coding of color images, B. Huertgen, P. Mols, S. F. Simon, Proceedings of the International Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing, SPIE '94, Vol. 2308, pp. 1683-1691, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1994.
  

  HuSi94.ps.gz

  On the problem of convergence in fractal coding schemes, B. Huertgen, S. F. Simon, ICIP'94, Austin, Texas, 1994.
  

  HuSt93.ps.gz

  Fast hierarchical codebook search for fractal coding of still images, B. Huertgen and C. Stiller, Proceedings EOS/SPIE Visual Communications and PACS for Medical Applications '93 Vol. 1977 Berlin, Germany pp. 397-408, 1993.
  

  KiKiLe95.ps.gz

  Novel fractal image compression method with non-iterative decoder, C.-S., Kim, R.-C., Kim, S.-U, Lee, Proc. ICIP-95 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Washington, D.C., 1995.
  

  KiLe95.ps.gz

  Fractal coding of video sequence by circular prediction mapping, C.-S., Kim, S.-U, Lee, NATO ASI Conf. Fractal Image Encoding and Analysis, Trondheim, July 1995, to appear in a special issue of Fractals.
  

  Komi95a.ps.gz

  Algorithm for fast fractal image compression, J. Kominek, Proceedings of SPIE, Volume 2419, 1995.
  

  Komi95b.ps.gz

  Convergence of fractal encoded images, J. Kominek, Proceedings DCC'95 Data Compression Conference, J. A. Storer, M. Cohn (eds.), IEEE Computer Society Press, March 1995.
  

  KrMaKa96.ps.gz

  Fractal representation of images via the discrete wavelet transform, H. Krupnik, D. Malah, E. Karnin, IEEE 18th Conf. of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv, March 1995.
  

  LiKu96.ps.gz

  Fractal wavelet coding using a rate-distortion constraint, J. Li, C. C. J. Kuo, ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  Nova93a.ps.tar.gz

  Attractor coding of images, M. Novak, Licentiate Dissertation, Linkoping University, May 1993.
  

  Nova93b.ps.gz

  Attractor coding of images, M. Novak, Picture Coding Symposium, Lausanne 93.
  

  OBLMK94.ps.gz

  A new improved collage theorem with applications to multiresolution fractal image coding, G. E. Oien, Z. Baharav, S. Lepsoy, D. Malah, E. Karnin, Proc. ICASSP, 1994.
  

  PoDu95.ps.gz

  Zooming using Iterated Function Systems, E. Polidori, J.-L. Dugelay, NATO ASI Conference on Fractal Image Encoding and Analysis, Trondheim, July 1995, to appear in Fractals.
  

  Reus93.ps.gz

  Sequence coding based on the fractal theory of iterated transformations systems, E. Reusens, Proc. of VCIP, Boston 1993.
  

  Reus94a.ps.gz

  Overlapped adaptive partitioning for image coding based on the theory of iterated function systems E. Reusens, Proc. of ICASSP 1994, Adelaide.
  

  Reus94b.ps.gz

  Partitioning complexity issue for iterated functions systems based image coding, E. Reusens, Proc. of VII EUSIPCO, Edinburgh, September 1994.
  

  RiCa94.ps.gz

  An image coding scheme using block prediction of the pyramid subband decomposition, R. Rinaldo, G. Calvagno, Proc. ICIP 1994, Austin, Texas.
  

  RiCa95.ps.gz

  Image Coding by Block Prediction of Multiresolution Subimages, R. Rinaldo, G. Calvagno, IEEE Trans. on Image Proc., July 1995.
  

  RoDuMo96.ps.gz

  Multi resolution access control algorithm based on fractal coding, S. Roche, J.-L., Dugelay, R. Molva, IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing (ICIP'96), Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  Saup94a.ps.gz

  Breaking the time complexity of fractal image compression, D. Saupe, Technical Report 53, Institut f"ur Informatik, 1994 The figures for this paper are in separate files: Saup94a.fig1.ps.gz Saup94a.fig2.ps.gz Saup94a.fig3.ps.gz Note: The paper [Saup94c] entitled "From classification to multidimensional keys" cited as [Saup94c] in "A guided tour ..." is just an excerpt of this paper [Saup94a]. So you do not need a copy of it.
  

  Saup95a.ps.gz

  Accelerating fractal image compression by multi-dimensional nearest neighbor search, D. Saupe, Proceedings DCC'95 Data Compression Conference, J. A. Storer, M. Cohn (eds.), IEEE Computer Society Press, March 1995.
  

  Saup95b.ps.gz

  Fractal image compression via nearest neighbor search, D. Saupe, in: Conf. Proc. NATO ASI Fractal Image Encoding and Analysis, Trondheim, July 1995, Y. Fisher (ed.), to appear in Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995.
  

  Saup96a.ps.gz

  Lean domain pools for fractal image compression, D. Saupe, in: Proceedings from IS\&T/SPIE 1996 Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science \& Technology -- Still Image Compression II,} Vol.\ 2669, Jan.\ 1996.
  

  Saup96c.ps.gz

  The futility of square isometries in fractal image compression, D. Saupe, IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing (ICIP'96), Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  SaHa95a.ps.gz

  Complexity reduction methods for fractal image compression, D. Saupe, R. Hamzaoui, in: IMA Conf. Proc. on Image Processing; Mathematical Methods and Applications, Sept. 94, J. M. Blackledge (ed.), Oxford University Press, 1997.
  

  SaHaHa96a.ps.gz

  Fractal image compression - An introductory overview, D. Saupe, R. Hamzaoui, H. Hartenstein, in: Fractal Models for Image Synthesis, Compression, and Analysis, D. Saupe, J. Hart (eds.), ACM SIGGRAPH'96 Course Notes.
  

  SaHar96a.ps.gz

  Lossless acceleration of fractal image compression by fast convolution, D. Saupe, H. Hartenstein, ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  SaRu96a.ps.gz

  Evolutionary fractal image compression, D. Saupe, M. Ruhl, ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  Sche97.ps.gz

  Square Isometries as Integral Part of Fractal Transformation- An Analysis, M. Scheibe, to appear in Frequenz, 1997.
  

  Sign95.ps.gz

  Geometrical interpretation of IFS based image coding, J. Signes, NATO ASI Conf. Fractal Image Encoding and Analysis, Trondheim, July 1995, to appear in a special issue of Fractals.
  

  Simo95.ps.gz

  Explicit link between local fractal transform and multiresolution transform, B. Simon, IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing (ICIP'95).
  

  Simo96.ps.gz

  Image coding using overlapping fractal transform in the wavelet domain, Simon, B., Proc. ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  Skar95a.ps.gz

  On convergence of affine fractal operators W. Skarbek, Image Processing and Communications 1,1 (1995) 34-41.
  

  TOKKF96.ps.gz

  A new fractal image coding employing blocks of variable shapes, Tanimoto, M., Ohyama, H., Katsuyama, S., Kimoto, T., Fujii, T., Proc. ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  Thao96.ps.gz

  A hybrid fractal-DCT coding scheme for image compression, N. T. Thao, in Proc. ICIP-96 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996.
  

  VeRu94.ps.gz

  Fractal compression of single images and image sequences using genetic algorithms, L. Vences, I. Rudomin.
  

  Vine93.ps.gz

  Signal Modeling with Iterated Function Systems, G. Vines, PhD Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993.
  

  Wall95.ps.gz

  Merging fractal image compression and wavelet transform methods, A. van der Walle, NATO ASI Conf. Fractal Image Encoding and Analysis, Trondheim, July 1995, to appear in a special issue of Fractals.
  

  WoJa95.ps.gz

  Fast image domain fractal compression by DCT domain block matching, B. E. Wohlberg, G. de Jager, Electronic Letters 31 (1995) 869--870.
  

  ZhPo95.ps.gz

  Fractal color image compression using vector distortion measure, Y. Zhang, L. M., Po, Proc. ICIP-95 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Washington, D.C., 1995.
  

  biblio.ps.gz

  Updated bibliography, December 1996.

Software

• Fractal Video Compression material, including a paper, encoded sequences and a decoder.
• Peruse older executable code and sample encoded images. This includes PC executables, but unfortunately the encoded images are not compatible with the slightly newer version available below. This material is also available by ftp from kurosawa.unice.fr:/pub/compression/fractals.
• Newer executable code and sample encoded images. Executables for SUN, SGI, and NeXT are included. This same material is also available by ftp from kurosawa.unice.fr:/pub/compression/fractals-new.
• Mario Polvere, currently with Erisson and formerly from University of Salerno, wrote a fractal coder with the following features:
  • Many classification methods: six methods have been implemented, chosen from both classification and feature vectors approaches. The methods are: Fisher, Hurtgen, MassCenter, Saupe, Saupe-Fisher and MassCenter-Saupe.
  • Support for both raw and pgm image formats
  • Entropy based split decision function
  • Variance based split decision function
  • Adaptive splitting thresholds
  • Output quadtree partition in pgm format
  • Iterative decoding
  • Piramidal decoding
  • Fractal zooming
• Many interesting things related to chaos and fractals are available from Matt Kennel's ftp archive now at inls.ucsd.edu.
• FracCompress, written by Jude Sylvestre (sylvestre@hws3.hws.edu), is a Win-32 application based on Visual C++ class named CFracComp. This class is based on Yuval Fisher's encoder and decoder C code. The class was written as part of Honors Thesis in computer science at Hobart and Williams Colleges. It has been tested on Windows NT 3.5, Windows 95 Pre-release and Windows 3.1 with win32s extensions. This class can be consider as an Alpha version, much of the code is being improved and modified in order to provide support for multiple graphic format, and increasing speed. The class library is able to save images in RAW format(Row-col major ordering). Image can also be saved t-the clipboard; input file must also be in RAW image format. The class library is provided AS-IS and as Freeware. A very useful program to uses with this application is Paint Pro v3.0. It is able to read and write RAW image file. It can be founded at ftp://oak.oakland.edu/pub/simtelnet/win3/graphics/psp311.zip
• Giovambattista Pulcini and Valerio Verrando from "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy, have written a program to encode 24bpp color images. The program is partially based on Yuval Fisher's enc.c/dec.c, but uses a simpler classification scheme. Their site has more information about their Window's 95 code.
• Several students at the Institute for Electronic Systems at Aalborg University, Denmark have written a quadtree based code called Limbo. You can read about it or just go there. This code is newly (Jan 27, 1995) improved.
• Scott Hollatz, when he was at the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Minnesota-Duluth, put together a package, including an undergraduate level technical report and working code. The report is called "Digital image compression with two-dimensional affine fractal interpolation functions," which sums up the approach (to be brief: encoding is done on scanlines, with an iterative ``chaos game'' decoding). The code outputs ASCII so there is work to do to get compression out of it. You can get it (753090 bytes) or ftp to hp.uwsuper.edu. A hard copy can be received by mail by contacting the mathematics department.
• Andreas Kassler ( kassler@informatik.uni-ulm.de) wrote a windows based program based on Yuval Fisher's enc/dec code for his Diplomarbeit. The program features:
  • full true-color compression in rgb- or yuv-modell
  • new fileformat so there's no need for commandline parameters
  • iterative decoding or pyramide-decoder
  • postprocessing with Fisher's heuristic schema or with Ramstad/Lepsoy scheme.
  • there are a few imageprocessing tools implemented like filtering, edge-detection ...
  • program can read and write fileformats like Windows-BMP, TIFF, PCX, GIF, EPS, JPEG, WMF
• A DOS binary for the Bath Fractal Transform is now available.
• Iterated Systems has released a fractal image (for their own format and with a 6K license agreement) decoder for Windows and Macs. Another page contains some image sources.
• Code demonstrating the Combining of Tree and Feature Classification in Fractal Encoding of Images by Behnam Bani-Eqbal, demonstrates a tree structured classification that speeds encoding times by up to 75%. A companion paper is available at the cite as well.
• The HV coding scheme described in Fractal Image Compression was implemented independently by Markus Fick. You can read about this code at his web site. The code encodes grey scale and color images and has results comparable to those in the book.

About Reprints, Students, INLS, and me.

I am at INLS due to the gracious hospitality of Henry Abarbanel, the director of the institute. INLS is home to physicists, mostly, who work on spacio-temporal chaos.

To pass the time, I recently wrote a book:

This site is updated often, so check out what's new or come again...

If you would like to leave your papers here, ftp them to inls.ucsd.edu:pub/uploads/ and email me with the file name and a blurb that you want to with the link to the paper.

If you have questions about fractal image compression/encoding or if you would like to announce code and/or results, feel free to do so at the Fractal Image Encoding Announcements and Questions page. If you have comments about these pages or personal non-fractal questions, please feel free to mail them to me.

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